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Josce de Dinan
Josce de Dinan (sometimes Joce de Dinan,〔 Josselin de Dinan,〔 Joce de Dynan;〔Hathaway, et al. "Introduction" ''Fouke le Fitz Warin'' p. xvi〕 Jocelin de Dinan,〔Holden ''Lords of the Central Marches'' p. 18〕 Joyce de Dinan, or Joceas de Dinan;〔Burgess "Introduction: The Romance of Fouke Fitz Warin" ''Two Medieval Outlaws'' p. 96〕 died 1166) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman who lived during and after the civil war between King Stephen of England and his cousin Matilda over the throne of England. He was a landholder in the Welsh Marches when he was married by Stephen to the widow of Pain fitzJohn, a union that gave Josce control of Ludlow Castle. Control of the castle was contested by other noblemen, and the resulting warfare between the nobles forms the background to a late medieval romance known as ''Fouke le Fitz Waryn'', which is mainly concerned with the actions of Josce's grandson, but also includes some material on Josce's lifetime. Josce eventually lost control of Ludlow and was granted lands in compensation by Matilda and her son, King Henry II of England, who succeeded Stephen in 1154.
==Background and early life==
Following King Henry I's death in 1135, the succession was disputed between the king's nephews—Stephen and his elder brother, Theobald II, Count of Champagne—and Henry's surviving legitimate child Matilda, usually known as the Empress Matilda because of her first marriage to the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry V. King Henry's only legitimate son, William, had died in 1120. After Matilda was widowed in 1125, she returned to her father, who married her to Geoffrey, Count of Anjou. All the magnates of England and Normandy were required to declare fealty to Matilda as Henry's heir, but after the king's death in 1135 Stephen rushed to England and had himself crowned before either Theobald or Matilda could react. The Norman barons accepted Stephen as Duke of Normandy, and Theobald contented himself with his possessions in France. But Matilda was less sanguine, and secured the support of her maternal uncle, the Scottish king David I, and in 1138 also that of her half-brother Robert, Earl of Gloucester, an illegitimate son of Henry I. Nobles in the Welsh Marches revolted against Stephen in 1136, but the revolt was not settled until 1138. In 1139, Matilda invaded southern England with her half-brother's support and the period of civil war began.〔Huscroft ''Ruling England'' pp. 71–73〕
Josce was the youngest son of Geoffrey de Dinan and Radegonde Orieldis,〔 and had two older brothers, Oliver of Dinan and Alan of Becherel.〔Jones ''Family of Dinan'' p. 20〕 Josce's family was from Brittany, and he was described by the historian Marjorie Chibnall as an "obscure Breton adventurer".〔Quoted in Chibnall ''Empress Matilda'' p. 123〕 Josce moved from Devon in southern England to the Welsh Marches, the border between England and Wales, because the lords of Monmouth were also of Breton extraction. While in the Marches he joined King Stephen's household.〔Coplestone-Crow "From Foundation to the Anarchy" ''Ludlow Castle: Its History & Buildings'' p. 27〕
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